Invitation (written)

Here are the steps in making an invitation:

   1. Name of party hosts or sponsoring organization.
   2. Type of event (birthday parties, business networking meetings, etc.).
   3. Place.
   4. Date.
   5. Time.
   6. RSVP date and phone number.
   7. Special dress requirements of the black-tie for a suit.
   8. Rain date (if any).
   9. Be specific about who is invited, if only the recipient, with guests, or with spouse and children.

Simple Future Tense

I will sing

The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will.

How do we make the Simple Future Tense?

Narrative text 2

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.

Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.

FINITE VERBS

Definition of finite verbs :

Finite verbs (sometimes called main verbs) are verb forms suitable for use in predicates in that they carry inflections or other formal characteristics limiting their number(singular / plural), person, and tense(past / present etc). Finite verbs can function on their own as the core of an independent sentence.
For example

• I walked, they walk, and she walks are finite verbs
  * (to) walk is an infinitive.
• I lived in Germay.
  * "I" is the subject. "Lived" describes what the subject did. "Lived" is a finite verb.

Examples

• The truck demolished the restaurant.
• The leaves were yellow and sickly.

Prepositions: In, On, and At

The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:

Preposition	Time	Place
In	Year, Month, In 1999, In December	Country, State, City In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei
On	Day, Date On Saturday, On May 1	Street On Main Street, On 1st Ave.
At	Time At 8:00, At 7:30	Address At 815 East Main Street

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

 

Attic	People store things in the attic.
Ballroom	A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room	A small room used for storage.
Cellar	Underneath the house.
Cloakroom	A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory	A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room	A room where people eat.
Drawing Room	A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room	A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall	The entrance passage to a house.
Larder	A small room used for the storage of food.
Library	A room where books are kept.
Lounge	Another name for living room.
Music Room	A room where people play music.
Office	A room where people work.
Pantry	A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour	Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room	Another name for living room.
Spare Room/ Guest Room	A room where guests sleep.
Toilet	A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room	A room where

Asking if someone remembers or not

Formal expressions:
- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

OFFERING

The making available of a new securities issue to the public through an underwriting. also called public offering.

Offering may refer to:

• Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
• Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
• Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
• Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933
• Offering (Axe album)
• Offering (Merzbow album)
• Offering, a painting by Jamini Roy
• Offering, a 1969 album by The Carpenters, later renamed Ticket to Ride

Simple Future

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

Introductory It

That's use When the subjective is an infinitive phrase

We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.
Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
It is dangerous to play with fire.
It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

To describe a particular place/ thing/ person

Text Organization:

^ Identification (mention the special participant)
^ Description (mention the part, quality, and characteristics of subject being described)

Direct and Indirect Speech

    When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Asking Information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?

* Do you know...?

* Do you happen to know...?

* I'd like to know...

* Could you find out...?

* I'm interested in...

* I'm looking for..

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past are :

1. Could

2. Would

3. Should

4. Shall

*Could + Verb base

We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.

News Item

News Item

• News Item text is a factual text which inform the reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarded as newsworthy or important.

Purpose text of News Item :

To inform the reader or listener. Clear objectives News Item is to inform the news to the readers or listeners . Purpose you read the news or not to obtain information from sources that clearly.

The generic structure of news item :

Correspondence

Newsworthy events :

Recounts the event in summary form

Background events :

Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.

Linguistic features :

> Action Verbs.

> Verbal Verbs.

> Mental Verbs.

> Temporal Circumstances.

> Spatial Circumstances.

> Specific Participants.

Structure of the text consist of three parts :

> Core write news or events that are considered important

> Write the background or the cause of the event

> Write a news source, usually contains about quotes from the usual resource witness, or senior official associated with the event.

To distinguish the type of news item text and other text that is easy for news item has a unique feature that is preceded by a city or place. Another characteristic that is the excerpt from the resource persons.

PASSIVE VOICE

A. Definition

A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence. Take a look at this passive rephrasing of a familiar joke

B. Example Passive Voice

Tense                 Active                                   Passive
Simple Present   We take a cake                   A cake is taken by us
Simple Past       We took a cake                   A cake was taken by us
Simple Future    We will take a cake             A cake will be taken by us
Present Perfect  We has taken a cake           A cake has been taken by us
Past Perfect      We had taken a cake            A cake had been taken by us
Going to-future  We are going to take a cake in the table A cake is going to taken by us in the table

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

 the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

 the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

C. Agent

In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.ExaMples:

 My mother makes sandwich every morning.

Subject + verb1 + s/es + O + C (adv. of time)

 Sandwich is made by my mother every morning.

Subject + to be + V3 + Agent + C (adv. of time)

If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:

1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.

2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Example:

Active:

John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.

indirect object direct object

Passive:

The indirect object as the subject

John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower.

Passive:

The direct object as the subject

A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend.

Suprise & Disbelief

Suprise Or Disbelief is An expression that we show/say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe and surprise or disbelief used to express something that we can't or impossible.

To Express surprise :

- What a surprise!

- That's a surprise

- Well that's very surprising

- Really ?

- What ?

- Are you serious? You must be joking

- You're kidding!

- Fancy That!

- I must say..... surprise me

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT, AND CONGRATULATION

Gratitude : an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking :

* Thank you very much

* Thank you for your help

* I'm really very grateful to you

* You're welcome

* Don't mention it

* It's a pleasure / My pleasure

* I want to express my gratitude to ( God, my family, my friends, my boyfriend/girlfriend )

* I'm grateful to your help

Compliment : an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:

* on his/her general appearance

* if you notice something new about the person's appearance

* when you visit someone's house for the first time

* when other people do their best

Complimenting :

* What a nice dress !

* You look great

* You look very nice/beautiful/handsome

* I really must express my admiration for your dance

* Good grades !

* Excellent !

* Nice work !

* Good job !

Congratulation : an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Congratulating :

* Congratulations !

* Congratulations on your success !

* Happy Birthday !

* Merry Christmas !

* Happy New Year !

* Happy Lebaran Day !/Happy Led !

* Happy Valentine !

* Happy Anniversary !

E-Primbon Phase 2

E-Primbon phase two will be in the post, please be patience !!

Announcement

Announcement is something said, written , or printed to make know what was happened or (more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement keep the following point :
· the title/type of event
· date/time,place and
· contact person

we can find the announcement on television,radio,newspaper,billboard,magazine,etc.
example of announcement

Procedure Text

Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or step. It explains how people perform different process in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tenses, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjuction such as first, second, then, next finally, etc...

Generic Structure of procedure text
1.Goal/aim (or title)
2.Material (not required for all procedural texts)
3.Steps (the actions that must be taken)

example:

HOW TO OPERATE A COMPUTER
steps:
1. plug the cable to the socket conection
2. press power button on cpu and monitor
3. wait the dekstop
4. then klick mozilla
5. and enter adress www.yahoo.com
6. enjoy your computer

Invitation

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something ..

There are 2 types of invitation :

Formal invitation is usually originate from institutes, companies, and a kind of it. Normally, formal invitation is written invitation ..



Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation ..

* Verbal Invitation
Extending (mengundang), example :
* I would like to invite you to come to my office
* Would you like to come to my house ?
* How would you like to go fishing with us next week ?
* If you are not busy, please try to come to my café
* Are you free this evening ?
* Let’s go to my school anniversary !
* Can you come ?
* Please try to come
* We hope you will join us
* If you don’t have any other plans, would you come to the restaurant ?
* Would you please attend my party tonight ?
* If you don’t mind, please come to house tomorrow
* Let’s have to dinner together with me
* Would you mind coming to my birthday party ?

* Accepting (menerima), example :
* I’d love to
* I like that
* That sounds great
* Thank you for the invitation
* That would be wonderful
* I’d be glad to ….
* That sounds like fun
* It’s very nice of you to invite me
* It sounds interesting
* Thank you . Yes, I would to ….
* Ok !

* Declining (menolak), example :
* I’d love to, but I can’t, because ….
* I’m really sorry because I can’t come
* Sorry, I’m really busy
* I’d love to, but I won’t be able to ….
* I’d love to but I don’t think I can
* Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks
* That’s nice / great. Unfortunately / however ….
* That’s very kind of you, but ….

* Examples :
a.Icha : “ How about going to the swimming pool next Friday ? “
Yessi : “ Hmm.. I’d love to. What time ? “
Icha : “ At 3 pm “
Yessi : “ Ok ! “

b.Novia : “ We would be pleased if you could join us to the zoo “
Rolla : “ Oh ! I would like ! “
Novia : “ Ok ! We will wait for you at 2 pm “

c.Alvin : “ Will you join me to Nurhadi’s house ? I want to lend his
cassette “
Reza : “ Yes, I will “

Hhmm .. That examples just for accept an invitation. How about decline ??

a.Mr. Erwanto : “ Next holiday we will have trip to Outbound. Doddy, do you join
the program ? “
Dody : “ I realy love to go, but I have to take care of my mother “

b.Ade : “ Would you mind coming to my birthday party ?
Dhita : “ I’d love to, but I very busy. Sorry “

PAST TENSE

1.Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.

Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding –ed to the root of a word. Example: He walked to the store. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store?

The pattern :
(+)Subject + verb II + complement
(-)Subject + did not + verb II + complement
(?)Did + subject + verb I

The examples :
(+)I went to Jakarta last week
(-)I don't go to Jakarta last week
(?)Did I go to Jakarta last week ?

Adverbs used : yesterday, last night, last week, two days ago, a few minutes ago, last weekend, last month, last year, in 1984, etc.

2.Past Continuous Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain time in the past.

The pattern :
(+)Subject + was/were +verb-ing+ complement
(-)Subject + was not/were not+verb-ing+ complement
(?)was/were+ subject + verb-ing+complement

The examples :
(+)She was writing a blog at seven o’clock last night
(-)She wasn't writing a blog at seven o’clock last night
(?)Was she writing a blog at seven o'clock last night?

Adverbs used : at the time like this yesterday, at seven o’clock last night, etc.

3.Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

The pattern :
(+)Subject + had+verb III+complement
(-)Subject + had not+ver III+complement
(?)Had + subject +verb III+complement

The examples :
(+)We had eaten an ice cream before mother came
(-)We had not eaten an ice cream before mother came
(?)Had we eaten an ice cream before mother came?

HAPPINESS EXPRESSION

HAPPINESS EXPRESSION is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

example with word when you express your happy :
* i'm happy because i get high score in last test
* fantastic
* great
* i like ..
* i love ...
* congrotulation
* i'm really happy today.


Roni : Rodo ! Congratulation for your Biology's high score in the class
Rodo : Thank you so much, Roni. I'm really happy !

Listening: Make Me a Copy, Please!

~ Description:

Often times students are not able to communicate clearly what they would like to say. It is the purpose of this lesson to help student understand the need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more effective listener.

~ Goal:

Student will understand the need to be articulate when communicating.

~ Background Information:

This activity will teach students to explain what they see and guide another students in reproducing the drawing by what they are told.

Symphaty expressions

Symphaty expressions

 Symphaty expressions is an expression to show symphaty for other people

• Expressy :
- I can sympatize
- I’m deeply sorry that
- I’m sorry to hear that
- I’m extremly sorry to know
- We’re teribbly upset to hear
• Respons :
- Thanks you for you symphaty
- It was nothing
- Thank’s for your kindness
- Yes, but i think i will find onother one

Simple present tenses

Simple present tenses


subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
do base
There are three important exceptions:
1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.
Look at these examples with the main verb like:
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I, you, we, they like coffee.
He, she, it likes coffee.
- I, you, we, they do not like coffee.
He, she, it does not like coffee.
? Do I, you, we, they like coffee?
Does he, she, it like coffee?
Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

example of news paper advertisement




An advertisement (or ad for short) is anything that draws good attention towards a product, service or person. Ads appear on television, as well as radio, newspapers, and magazines.
Types of advertisement
Advertising is done in a lot of different ways. For example: Indoor advertisements and outdoor advertisements.

Television advertisements

Television advertisements (commercials, or "advert" in United Kingdom) are advertisements between television shows. They are usually for products, other television shows or movies and are normally around 30 seconds long.

Internet advertisements

Internet advertisements (also known as a "banner ad" or "popup") are advertisements on a website. They are often still images or flash animations.
The owner of the website will get money when a user clicks on the advertisement. Sometimes they will get a percentage of the money if they buy a product.

Radio advertisements

Radio advertisements are audio advertisements that play between music on a radio station. They normally last 15 seconds in length.

Narrative text

A narrative is a story that is created in a constructive format (as a work of writing, speech, poetry, prose, pictures, song, motion pictures, video games, theatre or dance) that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events. It derives from the Latin verb narrare, which means "to recount" and is related to the adjective gnarus, meaning "knowing" or "skilled".^[1] (Ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European root gnō-, "to know").^[2] The word "story" may be used as a synonym of "narrative", but can also be used to refer to the sequence of events described in a narrative. A narrative can also be told by a character within a larger narrative. An important part of narration is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process called narration.

Along with exposition, argumentation and description, narration, broadly defined, is one of four rhetorical modes of discourse. More narrowly defined, it is the fiction-writing mode whereby the narrator communicates directly to the reader.

Stories are an important aspect of culture. Many works of art, and most works of literature, tell stories; indeed, most of the humanities involve stories.

Narratives have also been used in Knowledge Management as a way to elicit and disseminate knowledge,^[3] encourage collaboration, generate new ideas,^[4] and "ignite change".^[5]

Stories are of ancient origin, existing in ancient Egyptian, ancient Greek, Chinese and Indian culture. Stories are also a ubiquitous component of human communication, used as parables and examples to illustrate points. Storytelling was probably one of the earliest forms of entertainment. Narrative may also refer to psychological processes in self-identity, memory and meaning-making.

Example of narrative

The Smartest Parrot

Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.

The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.

At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.

One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.

The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.

Note on narrative text

It is important to know that the social function of the narrative text is to inform and entertain. Narrative text will tell the story with amusing way. It provides an esthetic literary experience to the reader. Narrative text is written based on life experience. In literary term, experience is what we do, feel, hear, read, even what we dream.
Narrative text is organized focusing at character oriented. It is build using descriptive familiar language and dialogue. There are some genres of literary text which fit to be classified as the narrative text. Some of them are:

• Folktales, it includes fables, legend, myth, or realistic tales
• Mysteries, fantasy, science or realistic fiction

Commonly, narrative text is organized by the story of grammar. It will be beginning, middle and end of the story. To build this story grammar, narrative text need plot. This plot will determine the quality of the story. Plot is a series of episodes which holds the reader’ attention while they are reading the story.
Conflict is the main important element of the plot. This conflict among the characters will drive the story progress. In this conflict, readers will be shown how the characters face the problem and how they have ability to handle that problem

Analysis the Generic Structure

Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and place set up and also the participant as the background of the story. A man and his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say Catano. To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the complication.

Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have been resolved. It must be our note that “resolved” means accomplished whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man wanted. The parrot said the word with higher degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the smartest parrot.