DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

To describe a particular place/ thing/ person

Text Organization:

^ Identification (mention the special participant)
^ Description (mention the part, quality, and characteristics of subject being described)

Direct and Indirect Speech

    When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Asking Information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?

* Do you know...?

* Do you happen to know...?

* I'd like to know...

* Could you find out...?

* I'm interested in...

* I'm looking for..

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past are :

1. Could

2. Would

3. Should

4. Shall

*Could + Verb base

We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.

News Item

News Item

• News Item text is a factual text which inform the reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarded as newsworthy or important.

Purpose text of News Item :

To inform the reader or listener. Clear objectives News Item is to inform the news to the readers or listeners . Purpose you read the news or not to obtain information from sources that clearly.

The generic structure of news item :

Correspondence

Newsworthy events :

Recounts the event in summary form

Background events :

Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.

Linguistic features :

> Action Verbs.

> Verbal Verbs.

> Mental Verbs.

> Temporal Circumstances.

> Spatial Circumstances.

> Specific Participants.

Structure of the text consist of three parts :

> Core write news or events that are considered important

> Write the background or the cause of the event

> Write a news source, usually contains about quotes from the usual resource witness, or senior official associated with the event.

To distinguish the type of news item text and other text that is easy for news item has a unique feature that is preceded by a city or place. Another characteristic that is the excerpt from the resource persons.

PASSIVE VOICE

A. Definition

A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence. Take a look at this passive rephrasing of a familiar joke

B. Example Passive Voice

Tense                 Active                                   Passive
Simple Present   We take a cake                   A cake is taken by us
Simple Past       We took a cake                   A cake was taken by us
Simple Future    We will take a cake             A cake will be taken by us
Present Perfect  We has taken a cake           A cake has been taken by us
Past Perfect      We had taken a cake            A cake had been taken by us
Going to-future  We are going to take a cake in the table A cake is going to taken by us in the table

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

 the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

 the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

C. Agent

In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.ExaMples:

 My mother makes sandwich every morning.

Subject + verb1 + s/es + O + C (adv. of time)

 Sandwich is made by my mother every morning.

Subject + to be + V3 + Agent + C (adv. of time)

If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:

1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.

2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Example:

Active:

John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.

indirect object direct object

Passive:

The indirect object as the subject

John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower.

Passive:

The direct object as the subject

A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend.

Suprise & Disbelief

Suprise Or Disbelief is An expression that we show/say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe and surprise or disbelief used to express something that we can't or impossible.

To Express surprise :

- What a surprise!

- That's a surprise

- Well that's very surprising

- Really ?

- What ?

- Are you serious? You must be joking

- You're kidding!

- Fancy That!

- I must say..... surprise me

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT, AND CONGRATULATION

Gratitude : an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking :

* Thank you very much

* Thank you for your help

* I'm really very grateful to you

* You're welcome

* Don't mention it

* It's a pleasure / My pleasure

* I want to express my gratitude to ( God, my family, my friends, my boyfriend/girlfriend )

* I'm grateful to your help

Compliment : an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:

* on his/her general appearance

* if you notice something new about the person's appearance

* when you visit someone's house for the first time

* when other people do their best

Complimenting :

* What a nice dress !

* You look great

* You look very nice/beautiful/handsome

* I really must express my admiration for your dance

* Good grades !

* Excellent !

* Nice work !

* Good job !

Congratulation : an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Congratulating :

* Congratulations !

* Congratulations on your success !

* Happy Birthday !

* Merry Christmas !

* Happy New Year !

* Happy Lebaran Day !/Happy Led !

* Happy Valentine !

* Happy Anniversary !

E-Primbon Phase 2

E-Primbon phase two will be in the post, please be patience !!

Announcement

Announcement is something said, written , or printed to make know what was happened or (more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement keep the following point :
· the title/type of event
· date/time,place and
· contact person

we can find the announcement on television,radio,newspaper,billboard,magazine,etc.
example of announcement